Primary Source Analysis: The Bosses of the Senate
Context
In the late 1800s, large corporations called trusts controlled major industries and gained enormous economic power. Many Americans believed wealthy business leaders used that power to influence lawmakers while ordinary citizens had little voice in government. Joseph Keppler published this political cartoon in Puck magazine in 1889 as Congress debated how to respond to monopolies.
Source

Artist: Joseph Keppler
Title: The Bosses of the Senate
Published: Puck, 1889
Observe
1. What do you see? Record several specific details without explaining what they mean yet.
2. What do you notice after looking more closely? Include any labels, repeated features, or surprising details.
Analyze
3. Choose one contrast in the cartoon. Describe both sides of the contrast, then explain what idea it may communicate.
4. How does Keppler use labels or symbols to shape the viewer’s understanding of the scene?
Argue
5. What is Keppler’s main argument about the relationship between big business, the Senate, and the American people? Support your answer with two details from the cartoon.